diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/_options.py b/src/ocrmypdf/_options.py
index f126486f..0af3d367 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/_options.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/_options.py
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class OCROptions(BaseModel):
             if isinstance(value, Path):
                 return {'__type__': 'Path', 'value': str(value)}
             elif (
-                isinstance(value, (BinaryIO, IOBase))
+                isinstance(value, BinaryIO | IOBase)
                 or hasattr(value, 'read')
                 or hasattr(value, 'write')
             ):
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ class OCROptions(BaseModel):
             elif isinstance(value, property):
                 # Handle property objects that shouldn't be serialized
                 return None
-            elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            elif isinstance(value, list | tuple):
                 return [_serialize_value(item) for item in value]
             elif isinstance(value, dict):
                 return {k: _serialize_value(v) for k, v in value.items()}
diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/_validation.py b/src/ocrmypdf/_validation.py
index 6c7482af..0073880a 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/_validation.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/_validation.py
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ def _check_plugin_invariant_options(options: OCROptions) -> None:
 def _check_plugin_options(options: OCROptions, plugin_manager: PluginManager) -> None:
     # First, let plugins check their external dependencies
     plugin_manager.hook.check_options(options=options)
-    
+
     # Then check OCR engine language support
     ocr_engine_languages = plugin_manager.hook.get_ocr_engine().languages(options)
     check_options_languages(options, ocr_engine_languages)
-    
+
     # Finally, run comprehensive validation using the coordinator
     from ocrmypdf._validation_coordinator import ValidationCoordinator
     coordinator = ValidationCoordinator(plugin_manager)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _check_plugin_options(options: OCROptions, plugin_manager: PluginManager) ->
 
 def check_options(options: OCROptions, plugin_manager: PluginManager) -> None:
     """Check options for validity and consistency.
-    
+
     This function coordinates validation across the entire system:
     1. Core validation (platform, files, preprocessing)
     2. Plugin external dependency validation
diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/_validation_coordinator.py b/src/ocrmypdf/_validation_coordinator.py
index 538072b3..e308a685 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/_validation_coordinator.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/_validation_coordinator.py
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ class ValidationCoordinator:
 
     def validate_all_options(self, options: OCROptions) -> None:
         """Run comprehensive validation on all options.
-        
+
         This runs validation in the correct order:
         1. Plugin self-validation (already done by Pydantic)
         2. Plugin context validation (requires external context)
         3. Cross-cutting validation (between plugins and core)
-        
+
         Args:
             options: The options to validate
         """
diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/api.py b/src/ocrmypdf/api.py
index 0fb9aa6b..62c0ffec 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/api.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/api.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def setup_plugin_infrastructure(
 
     if not plugins:
         plugins = []
-    elif isinstance(plugins, (str, Path)):
+    elif isinstance(plugins, str | Path):
         plugins = [plugins]
     else:
         plugins = list(plugins)
diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/optimize.py b/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/optimize.py
index 4729ab33..804656b9 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/optimize.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/optimize.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Annotated
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, model_validator
 
 from ocrmypdf import Executor, PdfContext, hookimpl
 from ocrmypdf._exec import jbig2enc, pngquant
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from ocrmypdf._pipeline import get_pdf_save_settings
 from ocrmypdf.cli import numeric
 from ocrmypdf.optimize import optimize
 from ocrmypdf.subprocess import check_external_program
-from pydantic import model_validator
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/tesseract_ocr.py b/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/tesseract_ocr.py
index 5fba4d96..84ee0ff8 100644
--- a/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/tesseract_ocr.py
+++ b/src/ocrmypdf/builtin_plugins/tesseract_ocr.py
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class TesseractOptions(BaseModel):
 
     def validate_with_context(self, languages: list[str]) -> None:
         """Validate options that require external context.
-        
+
         Args:
             languages: List of languages being used for OCR
         """